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THE CULTURAL REVOLUTIONChina and the Chinese lived in terror since Peng Pai and Mao Tse-tung launched the rascal-proletariat peasant movements in 1927. Peng Pai had at one time claimed that the communist law would be simply the execution of landlords once they were caught. Mao Tse-tung, directly responsible for the rascal movement in Hunan Province in 1927, would be the red-handed culprits in the Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League during 1930-1931, the Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941, and the Rectification Movement during 1942-1945. In the caste section, we also listed the CCP's bloody crackdown, including Suppression of Reactionaries Movement (1950), "Three Anti" (1951), "Five Anti" (1952), "Three Anti" (1953), Gao Gang Anti-Party Clique (1953-1954), Hu Feng Anti-Party Clique (1954-1955), Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries (1955), Ding Ling & Chen Qixia Anti-Party Clique (1955-1958 ?), Rectification Movement (April 27th, 1957), Anti-Rightist Movement (June 1957), Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique (1959), Anti-Rightist Trend (1959). Simply said, the CCP never stopped its bloody terror campaigns since inception in history, and its claws could be seen in the most recent crackdown on the Falungong practitioners. Wen Yu, in his 1994 book Leftist Catastrophe of China (Cosmos Books Ltd., ISBN 9622577164, 1994, HK), summarized the so-called "leftist" [should be terrorist] catastrophe of the Chinese Communist Party from the 1927 armed uprisings (in fact, mutinies) to the 1978 Xidan Democracy Wall. Gao Hua, a Nanking University professor whose father fled the persecution of the cultural revolution in Aug 1966, had presented the most comprehensive research into the communist red terror in the book How Did The [Red] Sun Rise Over Yan'an ? - A History Of The Rectification Movement (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, 2000 edition). What was the "Cultural Revolution" about then? It was nothing other than a coup d'etat that Mao Tse-tung had initiated by having the mobsters topple Liu Shaoqi's presidency. Ao-feng pointed out that Mao Tse-tung did not convene the CCP 9th Congress till 1969, i.e., till after toppling Liu Shaoqi presidency. The CCP 9th Congress would have a deliberate lapse of 13 years since the start of 1st Plenary of the CCP 8th Congress in 1956. Feng Zhijun, in Mao Tse-tung & Liu Shaoqi [Huangfu International Publishing House, HK, April 1998 Edition], examined the Mao-Liu relationship in historical parallel and expounded the cause and effect of the so-called "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", an event that would topple 76% of the CCP 8th Congress' politburo members and backup commissars, majority of deputy chairmen of the CCP Central Military Committee, majority of deputy commissars-in-chief of the National People's Congress 3rd Congress (Plenum), majority of premiers of the State Council, and three quarters of ministerial leaders and provincial leaders. (Alternatively speaking, Jiang Qing, i.e., Mao Tse-tung's unofficial wife, had intentionally rendered a havoc to the communists internally: Zheng Yi, in "Seventy Years Of Espionage Between the KMT & the CCP", pointed out that both Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao were agents who had been recruited by Dai Li in the 1930s.) Chinese believe in the "cycle" of life and death as expounded by Buddhism. The "Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique", the Ming Dynasty's official Hai Rui, & the Cultural Revolution could be said to have the apparent cause and effect. Hei Yannan's Ten Year Turmoil (Xingchen Publishing House, HK, 1988 edition, ISBN 9620406540) began the coverage of the cultural revolution with "Chapter One: Starting From the 'Historical Tragic Drama' [Ming Dynasty Official Hai Rui's Losing His Job]". During the Mt Lushan Meeting of July 2-Aug 16, 1959, Peng Dehuai was classified as reactionary for opposing Mao Tse-tung's Great Leap Forward which would lead to the starvation death of at minimum 40 million peasants in the ensuing 3 years. In 1961, a historical drama, "Hai Rui's Dismissal" was taken as a play for sympathizing with deposed Peng Dehuai. In 1962, Mao Tse-tung was forced into yielding power to vice president Liu Shaoqi during a 7000-people expanded meeting of the communist party. Mao already resigned the state president's post at the 6th Plenary meeting of the CCP Eight Congress held in Wuchang from November 28th to December 10th, 1958, which was approved by the 1st meeting of the Second National People's Congress in April 1959. Mao disliked being the state president as early as 1954 for resentment of mandatory tedious duties of wearing suits and receiving foreign visitors, etc. In 1965, Mao Tse-tung authorized his cronies in initiating an attack at the drama, unofficially starting the cultural revolution that would sweep through the communist apparatus of Peking city as well as the politburo that, in Mao's eyes, had been usurped by political enemy Liu Shaoqi, et al. The Cultural Revolution officially started with the People's Daily editorial "Sweeping All Ghosts and Snakes" on June 1, 1966. The Cultural Revolution purportedly resulted in an abnormal death toll of 2 million people. R. J. Rummel's "One Hundred Years of Bloody China" estimated the number of people killed in the Cultural Revolution to be about 7.73 million. Historical Context Of the Mao-Liu Relationship In the section on the terrors, this webmaster had covered "Mao Tse-tung & Liu Shaoqi's Initial Cooperation". Gao Hua pointed out that Mao Tse-tung gradually exercised control over the CCP in addition to his re-acquisition of control over the Red Army since the 1935 Zunyi Meeting held during the Long March. Moscow returnee Zhang Wentian, who was encouraged by Mao in the struggles against Bo-gu [Qin Bangxian] and Li-de [Otto Braun] during the Long March, replaced Bo-gu as the CCP's secretary general on Feb 5th, 1935. Mao Tse-tung, Zhang Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang formed the so-called Three Person Team (i.e., troika), with actual military power resting in the hands of Mao Tse-tung. Zhou Enlai became very much subordinate to Mao Tse-tung since. Moscow returnees were only in charge of party propaganda, party affairs and regional affairs. In contrast, Red Army generals began to enter the CCP politburo. Thereafter, after arriving in Shenxi Province, Mao Tse-tung began to resent Zhang Wentian's posture as a 'theorist'. After defeating Bo-gu and Kai-feng (blasted as doctrinairist & factionalist), Mao Tse-tung defeated Zhang Guotao by dispatching the Red Army Fourth Front Army to the mouth of Ma Family Cavalry. In 1937, Mao Tse-tung allied with Liu Shaoqi in challenging Zhang Wentian. On Feb 20th & March 4th, 1937, twice, Liu Shaoqi wrote letters to Zhang Wentian, criticizing ten year long "leftist" mistakes committed by the CCP & Comintern, blasted the CCP's leftist antagonism to his activities on the job of the CCP Northern Bureau representative, and hinting the necessity of the CCP leadership (i.e., Zhang Wentian) in reflecting on the responsibility. During the May 17-26th Meeting On the "CCP Tasks In the KMT-Controlled Areas", Liu Shaoqi argued fervently against Zhang Wentian by repeating what he wrote in earlier letters. Liu Shaoqi claimed that the CCP loss in the KMT-Controlled areas were 100% due to the "leftist putschism" and "closed-door-ism" mistakes, while Zhang Wentian, Bo-gu, Kai-feng and Chen Geng accused Liu Shaoqi of sharing Trotsky & Chen Duxiu's "revocationism". Ke Qingshi cursed Liu Shaoqi as an "old rightist". On June 6th, Zhang Wentian tried to desalinate Mao Tse-tung's remarks by stating that the past CCP mistakes were more a strategic mistake than a mistake in the political guideline/trend. Zhang Wentian further blasted Liu Shaoqi on the matter of citing 'big hats' such as "leftist putschism", "venturism" and "closed-door-ism" and rebutted Liu Shaoqi's "legality-ism" in launching the CCP movements inside of KMT-controlled areas. On June 9th & 10th, Liu Shaoqi backed down from previous stance and made self-criticisms. This would become the prelude to the Purge of Trotskyists of 1937-1941. In late Oct of 1937, Wang Ming & Kang Sheng returned to Dihua (Urumqi) of the New Dominion Province from Moscow, and thereafter entered Yan'an. On Dec 25th, 1937, Wang Ming, in the KMT-controlled Wuhan, issued a proclamation representing Stalin's line of thought, i.e., the "CCP Proclamation As To the Current Affairs", and proposed "five united" approaches to resisting Japanese under the KMT leadership. Wang Ming returned to Yan'an for Feb 27-March 1, 1938 meeting and proposed "seven united" approaches in cooperation with KMT. Mao Tse-tung, privately calling Wang Ming a "rightist surrenderist", advised against Wang Ming's return to Wuhan. However, majority of the CCP politburo members did not object to Wang Ming's trip to Wuhan where the CCP Yangtze Bureau had become a de facto CCP ruling apparatus. To counter Wang Ming, Mao Tse-tung recalled Liu Shaoqi to Yan'an in mid-March, and on March 24th, Liu Shaoqi was retained in Yan'an per politburo resolution. Meanwhile, Mao Tse-tung dispatched Ren Bishi to Moscow for winning over Comintern. After two months of work by Ren Bishi in Moscow, on June 11th, the Comintern affirmed the CCP's policies, and on July 6th, Pravda published an article with portraits of Mao Tse-tung and Zhu De. In Moscow, Ren Bishi replaced Wang Jiaxiang as the CCP rep, while Georgi Dimitrov asked Wang Jiaxiang relay a message to the CCP that Wang Ming et al should unite around Mao Tse-tung, a message that purportedly restored Mao Tse-tung's control over the CCP. (Just three years ago, Mao Tse-tung faked a Comintern's decree to get Zhang Guotao dismantle his CCP Central, namely, the 2nd CCP Central, something to show that the Chinese communists were blind and faithful followers of the Soviet masters.) Liu Shaoqi Contribution To the CCP Liu Shaoqi Deviations From Mao Tse-tung Peng Dehuai, Hai Rui, & Cultural Revolution In early 1959, "People's Daily" and New China News Agency reported that in Zhuangxian County of Hunan Province some commune harvested 35000 kilograms of rice per acre, while some commune in Guangxi Province reached 65000 kilograms per acre. One communist official, ex-general Peng Dehuai, was the only one who stood out against Mao, hence lost his job and was classified as a "counter-reactionary". The Lushan Meeting of July 2-Aug 16, 1959, declared the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique' for opposing Mao Tse-tung's Great Leap Forward which led to starvation death of minimum 40 million peasants in the ensuing 3 years. After the 1959 Lushan Meeting, Mao went on the Anti-Rightist Trend to rout another 3,800,000 people. During the meeting, Wu Han, who viciously attacked the former Democratic League colleagues such as Chu Anping and Luo Longji, accused Peng Dehui of faking as the Ming dynasty's righteous minister Hai Rui (who was imprisoned by Emperor Jiajing for criticisms but was later released by the successor-emperor and survived to be the poorest and most righteous minister in history). (Wu Han was a former disciple of scholar Hu Shi but converted to the communist cause in the early 1940s while teaching history at Lienda in Southwest China. Wu Han, like Chu Anping and Luo Longji, cohorted with the underground communists and the pro-communist Americans like Jack Service and John King Fairbank in running the Democratic League in the 1940s.) In 1961, a historical drama, "Hai Rui's Dismissal", was taken as a play for sympathizing with deposed Peng Dehuai. From January 11 to February 7, 1962, an enlarged CCP Central Work Conference was held in Peking with the consent of Mao Zedong, then chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 7,113 people in charge of the central government and various central departments, central bureaus, provinces, cities, prefectures, and counties, as well as responsible cadres of some important factories, mines, and troops, attended the meeting. The meeting discussed the "Great Leap Forward", i.e., tyrant Mao's three banners including the People's Communes, and the Great Famine, and advocated "criticism and self-criticism" and "democratic centralism". During the meeting, Liu Shaoqi, vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and president (chairman) of the State, attributed the cause of the Great Famine during the three-year difficult period to a division of "thirty percent natural disasters and seventy percent man-made disasters." Mao Zedong made self-criticism at the meeting. After the meeting of 7,000 people, the famine problem in mainland China eased, with Mao Zedong retreating to the second line, and Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping presiding over the daily affairs of the central government. Though, Mao in 1962 called for not forgetting class struggles and ordered to launch socialist education movements, that led to a communist work conference held in Peking from February 11 to 28 with a decision to launch a nationwide campaign of new "Five Anti's" against economic graft, waste, speculation and corruption nominally under various resolutions such as "Regulations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Strictly Enforcing Production Increase and Saving and Opposing Corruption and Opposing Speculation", and "Instructions on the Campaign Against Decentralism and Bureaucracy". This mutated to the Countryside Socialist Education Movement, i.e., Four Clean-ups Movement (cleansing politics, economy, organization, and thoughts, 1963-1965). In 1965, Mao Tse-tung authorized his cronies in initiating an attack at the 1961 drama, unofficially starting the cultural revolution that would sweep through the communist apparatus of the Peking city as well as the politburo that, in Mao's eyes, had been usurped by political enemy Liu Shaoqi, et al. Hei Yannan, in Ten Year Turmoil, pointed out that it was Mao Tse-tung himself who had instructed in April 1959 that people should learn from the unwavering and defiant loyalty of Ming Dynasty's official Hai Rui in daring to contradict and admonish Ming Emperor Jiajing [reign AD 1522-1566]. People's Daily promptly contacted Wu Han, the CCP's deputy mayor for Peking as well as a historian on the Ming Dynasty, for a propaganda war on the subject of Hai Rui. Two top opera actors, Zhou Xinfang and Ma Lianliang, pressed on Wu Han in writing up a historical drama on basis of Hai Rui. Cai Xitao, a friend of Wu Han, suggested the title of "Hai Rui's Dismissal" for the drama in late 1960. Hai Rui, while politically correct in 1959, forgot that tyrant Mao was no longer the emperor he was defending, but Liu Shaoqi -- because Mao was losing influences to Liu Shaoqi over the famine deaths of the Great Leap Forward. Hei Yannan stated that in 1961, Jiang Qing, i.e., Mao Tse-tung's unofficial wife, first raised her questions about the political nature of the drama to Mao Tse-tung. Xi Zhongxun, who managed to escape the purge of Peng Dehuai and Jia Tuofu's "Northwestern" discussion group at the Lushan Meeting of July 2-Aug 16 1959, was implicated in accusation that he used fiction Liu Zhidan, a novel written by the wife of Liu Jingfan (Liu Zhidan's brother) as a tool of counter-revolution. The Shenxi communist clique, including the late Shenxi communist leader Liu Zhidan's family members as well as Shenxi clique lieutenants such as Xi Zhongxun, et al., numbering hundreds of thousands, were persecuted for the fiction or fictional memoirs on Liu Zhidan. Jia Tuofu, who was just taken off the rightist hat of the 1959 Lushan Meeting, was named in the "Xi ZHongxun, Liou Jingfan & Jia Tuofu Anti-Party Clique" for the anti-Party novel incident. This was purportedly triggered by another communist Yan Hongyan's letter of accusation that the novel twisted the historical truth as Yan Hongyan was responsible for the persecution of the Northwestern Red Army leaders in the 1930s. After Liu Shaoqi's 7000-Person Expanded Meeting According to rightist Dai Huang, after the 7000-people expanded meeting of early 1962, there was a looseing period when the communists began to rehabilitate the 1959 Rightist Trend party members or the Right-sided Rightists, with Dai Huang at one time given a chance to write a self-reflection article for presentation to the party till things changed again when Mao called on "class struggle" again. In October 1962, Mao Tse-tung instructed "You should never forget about class struggles" in its 10th Plenary of the 8th Session meeting. Dai Huang underwent two months' criticisms at the Xinhua (new China) News Agency in 1963, and was sent to two-year re-education in 1964, after which Dai Huang, with the start of the cultural revolution on May 16th, 1966, was sent to the re-education farms of Tuanhe in Nanyuan, Qinghe in Tientsin and the countryside in Taiyuan, carrying the tag of a rightist for 21 years till rehabilitation in 1978. Qinghe Farm, with several stages of usage, was at first a prison that housed the purported KMT special agents that saw 440 such former regime people sentenced to various terms on July 12th, 1950, before the Suppression of Reactionaries' Movement was to further incarcerate and eliminate many of the same people. Ensuing from the 1957 anti-Rightist movement, Qinghe Farm was converted to Farm 585 to be part of the labor camps named after 1958, among others, Farm 581, Farm 582, to Farm 585. Qinghe Farm, or Farm 585, was the most notorious in that only three rightists survived the famine of 1959-1961, including one such person named Feng Guojiang, an Indonesian Chinese who returned to China for the communist revolution. By 1964, Kang Sheng, i.e., Mao Tse-tung's Beria, suggested to Mao Tse-tung that the drama "Hai Rui's Dismissal" could be a plot to use the said drama for expressing sympathy with Peng Dehuai by citation of Mao Tse-tung's talk during the CCP 10th Plenary of the 8th Congress that some "people invented a way of using novels against the party" -- which was Mao Tse-tung's political purge against the Shenxi communist clique . After that, Jiang Qing contacted Ke Qingshi, i.e., 1st secretary of the CCP committee of Shanghai as well as a historical feud of Liu Shaoqi, for some hatchet men including Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan. Eight months later, on Nov 10th, 1965, Yao Wenyuan published an article "New Commentary On Historical Drama - Hui Rui's Dismissal" on the "Wen Hui Bao" newspaper in Shanghai. The Peking city government and the party apparatus, however, refused to carry this article. According to Chen Tiejian of the former communist disciplinary committee, when Liu Shaoqi and Gao Gang had conflicts over the formation of "agricultural cooperatives" in 1951-1952, Mao Tse-tung issued a first directive to have Gao Gang conduct secretive investigation of Liu Shaoqi's arrest in Mukden in 1929 while working as the Manchurian provincial commissariat secretary. Then in 1962, Lü Zhenyu (1900-1980), a history institute researcher of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was secretly arrested by Mao Tse-tung at the Fengtai train station while returning from a Hunan forum on Ming dynasty philosopher Wang Fuzhi (Wang Chuanshan, 1619-1692) and was interrogated 700 times during eight years' imprisonment for extracting confession to implicate Liu Shaoqi on a false claim of empowering Zhou Xiaochuan and Lü Zhenyu with the work of selling out the communists in Yenan. This happend in late 1935 when Zeng Yangfu, deputy minister of the Ministry of Railways, proactively contacted Chen Xiaocen (section chief of the Ministry of Railways), who in turn relayed the message to Lü Zhenyu, a Peking professor, that led to the communists' sending Zhou Xiaozhou to Nanking for meeting Zeng Yangfu in regards to the united front that was proclaimed by the communists in Moscow as part of Stalin's popular front movements. Additionally, Shen Zui, i.e., a captive who was spymaster Dai Li's henchman, was interrogated in prison no later than 1963 in regards to information on Liu Shaosi's arrest history.
Ye Qun's Virginity & Lin Biao's Revenge Ye Qun [aka Ye Yijing], i.e., future new wife of Lin Biao, arrived in Yan'an, too. Ye Qun claimed participation in 12/9/1935 & 12/12/1935 student protest movements as well as enrolment in the Communist League in Peking in 1936. Ye Qun came to Yenan in 1938 and appearing not a darling wanted by senior or veteran communists, underwent excruciating political investigation in the rectification movement till she married at the turn of 1942-1943 with Lin Biao who just returned from Moscow where he courted Sun Weishi and dumped wife Zhang Mei (1920-2023) and their daughter. The two bitchy women would exchange their feuds for persecutions during the Cultural Revolution. Jiang Qing demanded the punishment of a 1930s actress by the name of Wang Ying [i.e., Xie Hegeng's wife] who played the role of heroine Sai Jinhua on Nov 15, 1936. Jiang Qing also asked Ye Qun in recovering damaging evidence from movie director Zheng Junli, regarding materials such as a letter that Jiang Qing asked Zheng Junli to relay to Ma Jiliang in Paris in 1958, ending in 9 Oct 1966 nightly ransacking of the residencies of Shanghai actors, actresses and movie directors. [Ye Qun added four more actors to the persecution list, including Zhao Dan, for sake of guarding against the true intention of ransacking Zheng Junli's residency with the help of Air Force General Jiang Tengjiao who disguised his soldiers as the non-military "red guards". Zheng Junli, who surrendered to Zhang Chunqiao most of the old correspondence and accidentally burnt Jiang Qing's 1958 letter, failed to convince Jiang Qing of the non-existence of this particular letter.] Lin Na, repeatedly interrogated by Ye Qun [i.e., Lin Biao's wife], died when being thrown out by Ye Qun for further persecution during the cultural revolution of the 1960s. Lin Na, with her husband taken away by the Soviet NKVD (i.e., Ge-bo-wu) while on the road of return to China from Moscow, would be deprived of the post of deputy chief of the politics section of the Yan'an Women College in the autumn of 1940. In the 1950s, Yan Weibing, wife of communist leader Lu Dingyi, mailed anonymous letters to the communist party's investigation department about Ye Qun. After numerous years of handwriting verification, Yan Weibing was caught. Jiang Qing's Revenge Jiang Qing, a woman hungry for power, just lost a purported courtship of a "talented" young man to Sun Weishi [i.e., Zhou Enlai's adopted daughter] upon arrival in Yan'an [Yenan]. Not long ago, Jiang Qing was having an affair with Xie Yunxin [Zhang Min] after the success of the launch of the drama "Big Storm" in Shanghai. Shortly before that, Jiang Qing, whose first man was communist student and later mayor Huang Jing (Yu Qiwei), abandoned husband Tang Na on some occasions in the mid-1930s to be with Huang Jing, which caused a stir in the newspapers about Tang Na's attempted suicide and cut short Jiang Qing's elopement to Tientsin for returning to Shanghai before continuous private entanglements with her lover, something that made Mao Tse-tung deeply hate Huang Jing to the extent of using a ruse to kill two Tientsin communists Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan in 1951-1952 for creating detente onto mayor Huang Jing who was to be scared into insanity and suicide. Drama director Zhang Min proposed a divorce with wife Xiao Kun, and actress Jiang Qing [Lan Ping] proposed a divorce with Ma Jiliang [Tang Na]. That caused a stir in the Shanghai entertainment circle. Dong Zhujun claimed that she had been responsible for dissuading Zhang Min's wife [Xiao Kun] and Ma Jiliang [Tang Na, i.e., Jiang Qing's then husband] from committing suicides. Ma Jiliang [Tang Na] was recorded to have committed attempted suicide three times during his one-year marriage with Jiang Qing. Shortly afterward, Jiang Qing broke away from Zhang Min and departed for Yan'an for her "big dream". Jiang Qing, for her open sexuality on the Shanghai Bund and implication in an arrest by the government agents in 1934, was given negative feedback by the underground communists like Yang Fan, for which Jiang Qing & Kang Sheng, in Feng Zhijun's opinion, had routed Yang Fan & Pan Hannian in 1954 and put them to the lifelong imprisonment. Similar to Yan Weibing's letter, Zhu Ming, wife of elder communist leader Xie Juezai, send an anonymous letter in 1954, which was suspected by Jiang Qing to have the same source as Yang Fan and Rao Shushi's 1939 report to Yenan about elopement and adultery, etc. Since Jiang Qing went to Yenan in late August 1937 and married with Mao Tse-tung in late 1938, the rumored negative feedback could be related to partly political examination starting from late 1937 plus post mortem reports by Yang Fan[1] and Rao Shushi if indeed filed in 1939. It could be after the death of Xie Juezai in 1960 when Zhu Ming wrote a letter to the CCP Party Central about her husband's post-death matter that the handwriting was verified by the government investigators. Zhu Ming committed suicide in 1961. (Right after the communists took over the ROC capital city of Nanking in 1949, Jiang Qing ordered her henchman Ke Qingshi to secretly execute all the KMT government officials who were involved in arresting her in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Jiang Qing tortured and killed almost all people who were acquainted with her in the 1930s, including the communist officials who ever read the anonymous letters mailed by Lin Boqu's wife Zhu Ming in the 1950s. In 1967, Jiang Qing, in the capacity as deputy chair of the cultural revolution group, ordered security chief Xie Fuzhi to have Yang Fan, Rao Shushi and Pan Hannian arrested to avenge on the bad mouthing that Rao Shushi submitted to Yenan back in 1939. Rao Shushi (1903-1975), who was implicated in Gao Gang's reactionary clique case of 1954 but was arrested together with the other two in 1955, was paroled in 1965 but re-arrested in 1967. Yang Fan and Pan Hannian, back in 1962, were sentenced to respective 16 years and 15 years in a mock trial special court hosted by Xie Juezai and released immediately after Xue Ming's suicide following confession of her writing anonymous letters against Jiang Qing since 1954. Dong Zhujun, for implication in the entangles of Mao Tse-tung's woman Jiang Qing in the 1930s, barely survived the cultural revolution of the 1960s. Back in the 1930s, Dong Zhujun participated in publishing a short-lived magazine called "Drama & Music" with Zheng Shamei & Xie Yunxin (aka Zhang Min). In 1949, Dong Zhujun was responsible for persuading Yang Hu into giving up Shanghai to the CCP.) After verification that it was Zhu Ming who wrote the anonymous letter, Mao Tse-tung then ordered Pan Hannian and Yang Fan (Yin Yang) to be paroled in 1962, knowing that they had no part in sending the anonymous letter. In another word, Mao Tse-tung did not care about Pan Hannian's colluding with the Japanese spy agency since 1939, nor Pan Hannian's continuous work with the puppet government throughout the resistance war time period. Note that while Pan Hannian, passing through Peiping (Peking), rather than the safe passage in the Yellow Flood zone, for the 1944 rectification movement and the preparatory meetings of the communist party's congress, the Japanese, to coordinate with the communists for pincer-attacking the Chinese government troops, attempted to connect with the communists in vain --as a result of Pan Hannian's gig in Yenan, and hence extradited a Sorge spy ring member from Tokyo's Special Higher Police (Tokko/tokubetsu) to travel to the communist New 4th Army's headquarters in Luhe for liaison. Pan Hannian himself, while passing Peiping, claimed to his cronies that he had the protection of the Japanese communists (i.e., the Japanese spy master Kagesa Sadaagi). What a treachery. According to Endo Homare, the only survivor of her family from the 1948 communist siege of Changchun that led to the starvation death of 300,000 civilians, the Japanese foreign ministry funneled over 3 billion yens of funds to the communists through Pan Hannian, equivalent to 25 million US dollars. 
Peng Dehuai, Luo Ruiqing, Lu Dingyi & Yang Shangkun Mao Tse-tung's "My Big Character Poster" [Aug 5th 1966] 
The Fate of Xie Hegeng and Wang Ying Couple On Feb 22nd, 1950, Xie Hegeng & Wang Ying married with a license from the NY city. June 1952: McCarthy Act 9/27/54 xie arrested 10/4/54 wang ying arrested nov 22 54 kicked to sf -as part of the swap deal with the American prisoners of war from the Korea War late dec back to china mar 57 declined jiang qing's invitation may-july 57: the anti-rightists xie rightist for the proposal of making zhongnanhai a park li kenong visited wang ying, zhou enlai/dong biwu called xie back to beijing from manchuria dec 1960 - wang ying invited to xiangshan hotel by zhou 5,6,7, 1966 CR july 1 1967 taken to prison by red guards march 1974 died in prison 75 xie released 79 rightist' tag gone Comment by Ah Xiang
Ding Shu is an expert on China's Bloody 50 Year History. The following Ding Shu article in Chinese summarizes the death tolls during the Cultural Revolution. The kind of horror that occurred during the Cultural Revolution might be forgotten by those people who endured it. Owning the time constraints, this webmaster had not been able to continue writing on the "modern Chinese history" for about ten years (as of 2010; and over 20 years as of 2023 [comment in year 2023]. To give visitors to this page some information about the cultural revolution, this webmaster transcribed some key points of the article by Ding Shu. Million Death During the Cultural Revolution On June 10th, 1966, Mao told Ho Chi-ming that the proletarian revolution might lead to the downfall of hundreds, thousands of people in academic, educational, arts, colleges, middle schools and primary schools. The editorial of People's Daily on June 1st, 1966, marked the start of the cultural revolution. Zhou Enlai stated that the movement was targeting not communist cadres, but the authoritarian faction that had taken the capitalist path, landlords, wealthy peasants, rightists and bourgeoisie academic authorities. Home ransacking originally started in Peking, with 114,000 households impacted. Then the rampage spread across China. In Chuansha County of Shanghai, about 7800 households were ransacked, for example. Altogether , 10 million households were ransacked nationwide.
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Republican China in Blog Format 
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
