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Sinitic Civilization-Book 1 
Sinitic Civilization-Book 2 
Tribute of Yu 
Heavenly Questions 
Zhou King Muwang's Travels 
The Legends of Mountains & Seas 
The Bamboo Annals - Book 1 
The Scourge-of-God-Tetralogy: From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (available at iUniverse; Google; Amazon; B&N) |
THE ANTI-RIGHTISTS MOVEMENTSurvivor "rightists" remember two exile gulags, i.e., the Jiabiangou Gully Farm of Gansu Province and the Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm of Heilongjiang Province. Yu Jie and Shi Tao reminded us of the hunger & persecution death of hundreds [up to possibly 1500 deaths] among 2400 rightists at Jiabiangou, a sand dune area next to the Gobi. KMT General Fu Zuoyi's cousin, i.e., Fu Zuogong, died of hunger & persecution in March of 1960 at Jiapigou. (See Yu Jie's citation of Heh[2] Fengming's "Experiences - My 1957".) In comparison with the Jiabiangou Gully Farm, Xie Hegeng, once a top communist mole inside of the KMT nucleus and swapped back to China with the U.S. prisoners of war from the Korean War, still could find rotten vegetable leaves for food in 1960 at the Mount Yunshan Husbandry Farm. According to rightist Dai Huang's recollection, 10% of the 300-400 rightsis died of starvation at Farm 850. According to Dai Huang's recollection, 10% of the 300-400 rightists died of starvation at Farm 850. The alloted monthly grains were reduced throughout 1957-1960, from 100 jin to 72, 63, 48, 36, 19 per month. Dai Huang's salary was reduced to RMB28 from 150, which was lower than a college graduate's pay or that of this webmaster's father's. Hundreds of thousands of Sichuan Province girls also swamped into the northern tip of Manchuria for convenient marriages with 100,000 expatriated officers of the People's Volunteer Army. Like tens of thousands of overseas returnees, Fu Zuogong & Xie Hegeng invariably fell victims to Mao Tse-tung's "Trickery Under The Sun". Should we say that the June 4th 1989 Masaccre had routed China's elites & conscience for the past 15 years, the "Anti-Rightists Movement" of 1957 had doomed China's fate for 20 years after finishing off China's half century worth of elites and conscience. Prevalent writings claimed that during this Anti-Rightist movements, Mao Tse-tung routed 3,800,000 people as rightists. The most notable rightists included Zhang Bojun, Luo Longji, Peng Wenying, Chu Anping and Chen Renbing, the only five persons who were never rehabilitated in the 1980s. There were two major waves of the Anti-Rightists Movement, i.e., one in 1957 and the other one beginning with the Lushan Meeting (July 2-Aug 16 1959). The 1957 Anti-Rightists Movement targeted about 550,000 intellectuals and impacted 5-10 million people with inclusion of the family members of the rightists. The July 2-Aug 16 1959 Mount Lushan Meeting, which declared the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique', had brought about what should be correctly termed the "Anti-Rightist Trend", a communist party internal purge movement. The clique consisted of Zhou Xiaozhou [provincial party secretary, Mao's wartime secretary who later committed suicide during the cultural revolution], Zhang Wentian [CCP secretary general of 1935-1945 who at one time deprived Mao of his leadership of the Red Army, and was ridiculed by Mao as 'ming jun' or the smart emperor while his wife was ridiculed by Mao to be 'niang niang' or empress], & Huang Kecheng [the PLA chief of staff]. Peng Dehuai was classified as reactionary for opposing Mao Tse-tung's Great Leap Forward which would lead to the starvation death of at minimum 40 million peasants in the ensuing 3 years. Lin Biao, i.e., another of Mao's rightside and leftside dogs since the Jiangxi Soviet of the late 1920s, took over the defense minister's post from Peng Dehuai, and on October 1st, stood next to Mao Tse-tung during the ten-year communist victory parade at the Tian'anmen Square. The "Anti-Rightist Trend" movement was officially launched right after the October 1st parade. Implicated in the Peng Dehuai "Rightist Trend Opportunist" clique would be Jia Tuofu (Jia Tafu), a Shenxi native communist who guided the Red Army to northern Shenxi and then director of Planning Commission and Economic Commission, plus Li Rui, et al., who were seated in the northwestern section of the meeting. Tian Jiaying, who knew Mao's scheme against Peng, was opposed to Mao's organizing panels and groups to discuss Peng's letter, and thought Peng's position in the party required a central committee meeting for resolution. Li Rui volunteered to take the blame on behalf of Mao's secretaries to be the culprit lodging criticisms of Mao and supporting Peng Dehuai but was blasted by Mao as a disqualified small potato follower of Peng Dehuai's four-person anti-party clique. Li Rui told Bo Yibo that implicating Mao's gang of secretaries (i.e., Hu Qiaomu and Tian Jiaying) could deal a blow to Mao's reputation as a whole. It was Zhou Xiaozhou who broke Li Rui's tacit arrangement with the rest of senior communists to take blame to him alone and while being agitated, lodged further criticisms which were Tian Jiaying's three sentences including admonishment against being another target of Stalin the Second after 100 years, that led to Mao's stamping on the four-person clique which Mao termed by a club. Li Rui, a non-central committee member, already left Mao to first work in the Hunan provincial commissariat and then in the Irrigation Ministry in the early 1950s, and Zhou Xiaozhou was Hunan provincial commissariat's first secretary at the time. Li Rui was classified as a rightist deviation opportunist with party membership revoked, and when compounded by wife Fan Yuanzhen's betrayal as to his continuous liaison with Mao's secretaries, further in 1960 exiled to a vilage near Farm No. 850 in Manchuria, where he lived in the Xinghua-cun village, witnessed dozen old men dying of hunger and he himself almost died of hunger, and was rescued by Tian Jiaying who managed to get deputy premier Li Fuchun transfer Li to the Hulin electricity plant and then transferred back to Peking in 1961. Mao's younger-generation secretaries, like Hu QIaomu, Zhou Xiaozhou, Li Rui, Tian Jiaying and Wu Lengxi, et al., held the ancient intellectuals' Confucian morals and ideals to admonish tyrannical emperors and volunteered to take blame from the peers. Tian Jiaying (Zeng Zhengchang, 1922-1966) committed suicide in Mao's library at the time the cultural revolution was just launched, with one of three accusations being Tian's directive to skip the stenographic record on Mao's linking Peng Dehuai to Hai Rui in a 1965 speech. Zhou Xiaozhou (1912-1966), who was sent to a commune as deputy county commissariat secretary for about two years before transfer to southern China for another downgraded job, committed suicide on Mao's birthday in the year the cultural revolution started. In between, there ensued, per http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/8/4/69636.html, a so-called "makeup anti-rightist movement" in 1958 during which the rightist intellectuals from departments directly subordinate to the CCP Central and the "People's Daily" newspaper agency, including Xiao Qian and Chen Qixia, were sent to the Baogezhuang Farm in Tangshan of Hebei Province, a farm built on top of salty beaches of the Bohai Sea. (During the 1959 meeting, Wu Han, a former disciple of scholar Hu Shi but converted to the communist cause in the early 1940s while teaching history at Lienda in Southwest China and viciously attacked the former Democratic League colleagues such as Chu Anping and Luo Longji, accused Peng Dehui of faking as the Ming dynasty's righteous minister Hai Rui. Wu Han later committed a blunder in continuously writing about Hai Rui, with release of the drama 'Hai Rui's Dismissal', not knowing that he was with emperor Mao in 1959 but served Liu Shaoqi in the early 1960s after Mao yielded the control of the party to Liu Shaoqi over death of millions of people from the Great Leap Forward, i.e., one of Mao's Three Red Banners, which led to his death in the Cultural Revolution. Just few years ago and before the 1959 Lushan meeting, Mao already resigned the state's president to Liu Shaoqi, an idea that Mao confided in Chen Boda as early as 1954 for Mao's resentment of mandatory tedious duties of wearing suits and receiving foreign visitors, etc. From 1953 to 1954, Chen Boda purportedly modified Marshall-sponsored 1947 R.O.C. constitution into the "Common Guiding Principles" ('gongtong gangling') as communist China's first constitution on basis of which Mao was elected. When re-elected president at the CCP Eighth Congress, Mao suggested to set up an honorary president post, and in January 1958 proposed to vacate the state president to be an honorary state president no later than September 1958, which was ratified in the 6th Plenary meeting held in Wuchang from November 28th to December 10th, 1958, and approved by the 1st meeting of the Second National People's Congress in April 1959. However, Mao, still holding the posts of party chair and military committee chair, was to regret about the state chair' resignation soon.) China and the Chinese lived in terrors since Peng Pai and Mao Tse-tung launched the rascal-proletariat peasant movements in 1927. Peng Pai had at one time claimed that the communist law would be simply the execution of landlords once they were caught. Mao Tse-tung, directly responsible for the rascal movement in Hunan Province in 1927, would be the red-handed culprits in the Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League during 1930-1931, the Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941, and the Rectification Movement during 1942-1945. In the caste section, we also listed the CCP's bloody crackdowns, including Suppression of Reactionaries Movement (1950), "Three Anti" (1951), "Five Anti" (1952), "Three Anti" (1953), Gao Gang Anti-Party Clique (1953-1954), Hu Feng Anti-Party Clique (1954-1955), Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries (1955), Ding Ling & Chen Qixia Anti-Party Clique (1955-1958?), Rectification Movement (April 27th, 1957), Anti-Rightist Movement (June 1957), Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique (1959), Anti-Rightist Trend (1959). Simply said, the CCP never stopped its bloody terror campaigns since inception in history, and its claws could be seen in the most recent crackdown on the Falungong practitioners [whose body parts were said to be the source of hundreds of transplants conducted at major hospitals in China on a monthly basis. Wen Yu, in his 1994 book "Leftist Catastrophe of China" (Cosmos Books Ltd., ISBN 9622577164, 1994, HK), summarized the leftist catastrophe of the Chinese Communist Party from the 1927 armed uprisings to the 1978 Xidan Democracy Wall. Gao Hua, a Nanking University professor whose father fled the persecutions of the cultural revolution in Aug 1966, had presented the most comprehensive research into the communist red terror in the book "How Did The [Red] Sun Rise Over Yan'an ? - A History Of The Rectification Movement (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, 2000 edition). Historical Background in the 1950s & the "China Great Reversal" "China Great Reversal" by Hua Min was an extraordinary book from the perspective of a communist insider. Hua Min, a fictitious name literally meaning "China's citizen", was a communist party member who had befriended Liu Binyan and invited him over for a house visit in 1987, at a time when Liu Binyan was deprived of the CCP membership for a second time. Hua Min told Liu Binyan that he was planning to write a book about the "Anti-Rightist Movement" as well as a book about the "Cultural Revolution". Five years later, in 1992, Hua Min dispatched a messenger to the U.S. for seeing Liu Binyan with the 30,000 character book "China Great Reversal". Per Liu Binyan, he learnt from the messenger that Hua Min had written his book with closed windows and door every night. (Wu Si, at http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/6/28/67573.html, talked about the phenomenon of Li Rui & Li Shenzhi in China's precarious political environment. After reading Li Shenzhi's "Fifty Years Of Winds, Rains & Yellow Skies", I have found similarity between Hua Min and Li Shenzhi: Both adopted the terminology of "grand reversal" and both had cited some common examples in their respective writings. However, Liu Binyan claimed that Hua Min was unscathed by the political movements while Li Shenzhi was classified as a rightist.) Hua Min's "China Great Reversal" (Mirror Books, Flushing, New York, Dec 1996 edition, ISBN 1-896745-19-9) was a book analyzing China's society in 1956, and before and after 1956. Liu Binyan called 1956 a 'promising' year for China because the "People's Literature" magazine published the first batch of criticism articles against the communist party, something not seen since the 1942 Yan'an Rectification Movement. Liu Binyan stated that criticisms centered around China's economic downturns related to the so-called "Three Grand Socialist Reforms" (re: agriculture, private industry & commerce, and craftsmen industry), and the intellectuals looked to the post-Stalin liberalization from the Eastern European Bloc as something that would push China towards a similar path of the "Prague Spring". All the enthusiasm and aspiration were shattered after Mao Tse-tung, who initially encouraged the intellectuals in criticizing the CCP via a movement entitled the "Hundred Flowers Blossoming", broke his promise by launching a sweeping "Anti-Rightist Movement". Mao earlier had claimed that the CCP had then entered the stage of the KMT-like "xun zheng" (i.e., the CCP-supervised or tutelage government). What Mao referred to was his thesis "On Ten Major Relations", with a claim that it was better to have multiple parties, i.e., allowing existence of the bourgeoise vase parties, which was taken to be part of inducement to trap the intellectuals for the Anti-Rightist Movement the following year. CCP's "Maximum Benevolent Governance" Hua Min pointed out that all CCP crises had derived from its own blunders throughout its history, with its damages fortunately limited to its own spheres of influences prior to taking over power in 1949. After 1949, the damages that the CCP exacerbated would apply to the whole nation, unfortunately. Contrary to what most anti-KMT folks had claimed, the CCP did not stabilize the economy after taking over power in 1949. Hua Min stated that the CCP had solved its fiscal and budgetary problems by printing money, which caused inflation to go up 100 folds in Nov 1949 versus Dec 1948, and 270 folds in Feb 1950 vs Dec 1948. By the spring of 1950, 1,170,000 people were unemployed across the nation. From Jan to April 1950, 2945 factories of 14 cities were shut down, and 9347 shops of 16 cities were closed down. In June 1950, during the CCP 3rd Plenary of the 7th Session, Mao Tse-tung had to criticise the mistaken trend in "prematurely destroying capitalism". When the United Nations army crossed the 38th Parallel on Oct 2nd, Mao Tse-tung, against the objection of Lin Biao and Liu Shaoqi, ordered that the Northeastern Border Army, which was converted from the 13th Conglomerate of the 4th Field Army of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), be ready for the Korean dispatchment at any minute. In mid-Oct, Mao Tse-tung talked about entering the war the minute the US army closed in towards the Yalu River. The Korean War, by 1952, would cost China 100,000,000,000,000 or 100 trillion yuan (equiv to new currency 10,000,000,000 or 10 billion yuan), while China's 1952 fiscal revenue amounted to no more than 2,300,000,000 or 2.3 billion yuan. Hua Min cited CCP Cadre Chen Yun in stating that the KMT government had net no more than 0.8 to 0.9 billion yuan, including revenues from Manchuria, prior to 1931. Mao Tse-tung, during debates with agriculturalist Liang Suming, claimed that the CCP's "maximum benevolent governance" would be to develop industry and fight the Korean War instead of "small benevolent governance" such as less taxation on peasants. (Mao called the Korean war the best opportunity to killed all reactionaries, and made up a trinity terminology linking the war to the elimination movement.) In the following, we will briefly touch upon the communist blunders in agriculture, private industry & commerce, and craftsmen industry for an economic background of the 1957 Anti-Rightists Movement. Blunders In the Agriculture Area In the agriculture area, the Third Plenary of the Seventh National Session of the Chinese Communist Party (June 6th-June 9th of 1950) stated that the "land reform was foremost key to achieving an upturn of the finance and economic status of the country", namely, killing the landlords and confiscating the landlords' assets and properties for sake of financing the operations of the government rather than waiting for the peasants to grow crops and produce output to be harvested one year later. Hua Min stated that the land reform was already completed in the so-called "old [liberated] areas" before 1949; however, 70-85% of peasants automatically fell into the category of the so-called 'medium or well-to-do families' and majority peasants had basically no interest in forming the "agricultural mutual-aid teams" or "agricultural cooperatives". Liu Shaoqi pointed out in Dec 1951 that so-called "agricultural cooperatives" for mutual assistance and cooperation in production could be "erroneous, precarious and utopian". Mao Tse-tung, however, demanded that the CCP should launch "agricultural cooperatives" as a top issue. By the end of 1952, there would be 8,300,000 "agricultural mutual-assistance groups" and 3600 "agricultural cooperatives". Owning to the reluctance of peasants in forming the "agricultural cooperatives", Deng Zihui advised against forcefulness in promoting the cooperative movement in Feb 1953. However, local communist officials threatened peasants with choice of the 'socialist path' vs 'capitalist path' and forcefully concentrated the peasants' cattle, tools and other personal belongings. In Aug 1953, Mao Tse-tung called on struggles against the "rightist opportunism" for safeguarding the success of the socialist cause. In Dec, the CCP issued a decree entitled "Resolution In Regards To Developing Agricultural Production Cooperatives". By the spring of 1954, nationwide, "agricultural cooperatives" numbered at 95,000, more than twice the target number of 35,000, with 80% cooperatives formed under coercion. By Jan 1955, "agricultural cooperatives" increased to 480,000. In March, Zhou Enlai & Liu Shaoqi advised that "agricultural cooperatives" should 'stop, contract and develop'. However, in May, Mao advocated a 'foment' policy as to "agricultural cooperatives". In July 1955, the CCP minister for agriculture, Deng Zihui, was criticized to be a 'feet-bound woman' by Mao. In Oct, the CCP Sixth Plenary of the Seventh National Session further attacked "rightist opportunism" and upheld the orientation of "agricultural cooperatives". At the meeting, Mao called for extermination of capitalism and the 'petty production mode'. In Dec, Mao authored "Socialist Peak In Chinese Countryside" and pushed for speeding up the reform of the craftsmen industry and bourgeois industry/commerce towards socialism. By 1956, in the countryside, small "agricultural cooperatives" were merged into big "agricultural cooperatives", and elementary "agricultural cooperatives" were elevated into advanced "agricultural cooperatives". By the end of 1956, the CCP finished the transformation within 1.5 years, faster than its original plan of 10-15 years. On April 17th, 1953, the State Council issued a decree called "Instructions As To Persuading and Desisting Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into Cities". Peasants were to become the lowest caste of citizens in the Chinese society with the deprivation of the right to migration or relocation. "Industrial-Agricultural Scissor Differential" was widened in Oct 1953 when the CCP adopted a policy of "planned purchase by the State and planned distribution by the State", namely, the CCP exercising absolute control over the harvest of grains, vegetable oil and cotton, etc. This was supposedly for meeting the new challenge of 17,000,000 new township population. Hence, the CCP determined that the State would need to "purchase" 70.9 billion "jin" of rice for the period of July 1st, 1953 to June 30th, 1954. (Here, 2 "jin" is equivalent to 1 kilogram [kg].) The actual "purchase" figure was 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, an increase of 29.3% over the prior year, at the expense of the peasants' living standards. 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, Per Hua Min, was equivalent to one month grains supply for 0.5 billion Chinese peasants in 1954. Hua Min pointed out that the Chinese peasants, who surrendered 67 billion "jin" of rice in 1952, would be required to surrender 90 billion "jin" of rice by June 1956, with an increase of 35%, whereas production had merely increased by 12% and agri-population had increased by 2%. Peasants, both poverty-stricken due to the grain surrender and lacking motivation due to collectivization, certainly complained about the communist regime, with the result of about 100,000 peasants and agriculture cadres sentenced into "reactionaries". (In the whole year of 1954, 330,000 reactionaries and criminals were arrested nationwide, among whom 111,000 were classified as "reactionaries" and 10,000 around were executed.) Blunders In the Craftsmen, Bourgeois Industry & Commerce Industries Hundred Flowers Blossoming Senior CCP leader Li Weihan [1896-1984], in 1984, expressed remorse over his hatchetman role in the 1957 political movement. Li Weihan estimated that about 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals, owners or managers in industry and commerce, and members of the so-called "democratic parties", were classified as "rightists". Among those rightists, majority lost their jobs and posts, and quite some were banished to forced 'labor re-education', 'prisons', and the border areas or hinterland. At Jiabiangou, from 1957 to 1961, hundreds among 2400 rightists were starved to death, tortured to death or in few cases executed. (Li Weihan [aka Luo Mai and original name Li Hesheng] was an early pal of Mao Tse-tung in the 1918 organization of the "New Citizen Society" together with Cai Hesen. He acted as the so-called CCP Chief of the "United Front Ministry" from 1948 to Dec 1964. In Oct 1962, the CCP instructed "You should never forget about class struggles" in its 10th Plenary of the 8th Session meeting. Li Weihan himself was criticized as revisionist and capitulationist for over 40 times beginning from Oct 1962, yielding to his May 1963 "progressive-thinking" proposal of "elimination of the bourgeoisie within ten years". Ao-feng pointed out that Mao Tse-tung did not convene the CCP 9th Session till 1969, i.e., till after toppling Liu Shaoqi's presidency. During the subsequent cultural revolution [1966-1976], Li Weihan was sentenced to eight year labor in Xianning of Hubei Province.) Outsiders did not have a full understanding of China's political drama till the Nixon visit in the early 1970s. In 1972, rightist Fei Xiaotong received from the "military representative" a parcel which was a doctoral thesis entitled "Fei Xiaotong And Sociology In Revolutionary China" by R David Arkush of Harvard University (see Ye Yonglie's "History's Elegy: Inside Stories of the Anti-Rightists Movement", Cosmos Books Ltd, HK, 1995 edition). In the same year, John Fairbank visited China and requested for a meeting with Fei Xiaotong who enjoyed the same last name of "Fei" as Fairbank [Fei Zhengqing]. The background of Arkush's thesis was related to Fei Xiaotong's article "Early Spring Weather of Intellectuals" on "People's Daily Newspaper" on March 24th, 1957. (Note that you need to write something like Jonathan Spence's "The Search for Modern China" for becoming a top guest of commies in Peking now !!! We Chinese called those American professors by 'bai zuo', namely, White leftists. Fairbank, who was called by the Chinese alias 'Fan' in 1932 before adopting the 'Fei' last name, was seen attending the Smedley-organized Peking branch meeting of the China Civil Rights' Society in early 1932. Fairbank cohorted with the Chinese communists in wartime capital Chungking, befriended Zhou Enlai, had a crush on communist woman Gong Peng, and later used his experience of sabotage work against the Republic of China as capital for becoming a Sinologist. His book Republican China, whenever concerning the communists, was like a page by page mimeograph of the CCP's party resolutions and documents.) The inducement for the "anti-rightists movement" are like this: Mao Tse-tung, facing various criticism, launched the 'Rectification Movement' on April 27th, 1957. From May to June, in about one month's time, the communists changed the tune to accuse the non-CCP intellectuals of anti-party rightists, which scared the communists themselves. On June 13th, Peng Zhen, who tacked on the deputy post for the CCP Central's anti-Rightist panel that had Deng Xiaoping clandestinely acting as chief, convened an internal party meeting to hoodwink the communists with a claim that the non-CCP intellectuals were out-of-door people and the inside-of-door communists were 'family members' and should continue to raise criticisms of the party. After that, a few months after an encouragement of open criticism of the CCP, Mao Tse-tung claimed that he had successfully induced the snakes out of their hibernation. Mao Tse-tung officially launched the 'Anti-Rightist Movement' in June 1957. On such 'useful idiot' would be Dai Huang who, after reflecting on the hardship life of his natives in hometown Huning countryside with Mao's extravaganza banquet given to the Soviet navy in Shanghai in June 1956, raised criticisms, with his July 25th "10,000 characters" article taken as a criminal evidence and handpicked by news agency chief Wu Lengxi as the No. 1 rightist and later exiled to Farm 850 in northern Manchuria, where he stayed for over three years. At some college in Nanking, students held criticism and debates for three days and three nights, continuously, and 20 out of one class of 40 were later dispatched to Manchuria for military farming. During the Anti-Rightist Movement, Mao said that Qin's First Emperor Shihuangdi just buried alive 460 Confucians but he had successfully eradicated 552,2887 "bourgeoisie rightists" nationwide in 1957. Ensuing from the 1957 anti-Rightist movement, the communists built or converted a few farms around Peking into labor camps, including Farm 581, Farm 582, to Farm 585, etc., that were named after year 1958. Farm 585, or Qinghe Farm, was the most notorious in that only three rightists survived the famine of 1959-1961, including one such person named Feng Guojiang, an Indonesian Chinese who returned to China for the communist revolution. (Qinghe Farm, with several stages of usage, was at first a prison that housed the purported KMT special agents that saw 440 such former regime people sentenced to various terms on July 12th, 1950, before the Suppression of Reactionaries' Movement was to further incarcerate and eliminate many of the same people.) Fei Xiaotong's "Early Spring" On March 24th, 1957, on the "People's Daily Newspaper", Fei Xiaotong published an article entitled "Early Spring Weather of the Intellectuals", claiming that the intellectuals were still feeling the kind of cold-warm intermittent weather even after Premier Zhou Enlai's Jan 1956 speech on the intellectuals had blown the spring wind through their minds. Fei Xiaotong, after the 1279-person "intellectual meeting", was offered a job as deputy bureau chief of the newly-organized "National Experts Bureau". Ye Yonglie cited two senior scholars [Chen Da & Li Jingda] as an example of intellectuals beginning to write articles again with the encouragement from Zhou Enlai's Jan 1956 speech. Fei Xiaotong's "Early Spring", in fact, merely stated the mindset of "timid" intellectuals who were having fear that Mao Tse-tung's call for the "Hundred Flower Blossoming & Hundreds Schools Propagating" could be a trap. Indeed, it turned out to be a trap. On April 20th, Jian Bozan followed through with another article "Why was there a feeling of the 'early spring'?" Jian Bozan, i.e., history depart chair of Beijing U, questioned the lack of full blossom spring half a year after Mao Tse-tung proposed the "Double Hundred Policy" --a buzz word often seen in various prints in the 1970s. Meanwhile, on the 21st, in Shanghai, Huang Chang wrote on the "Wen Hui Bao Newspaper" an article "Defrosting" appealing for a fast reckoning of "spring". Across the Straits, per Ye Yonglie, Taiwan ridiculed Fei Xiaotong's article as representing the "crying, pitiful,& self-pitying" mainland intellectuals. On May 31st, Fei Xiaotong wrote a continuum for publication on the CCP's "Shining Newspaper", with an explanation that it was during two Democratic League meetings that people asked him to write something about intellectuals he had observed during a prior trip. Fei Xiaotong mentioned that back in late Feb someone had told him that the "weather had changed" by citing Chairman Mao's criticism of Wang Meng's story "The newcomer youth of the CCP organization department". After hesitating back and forth several times, Fei Xiaotong took granted for Pan Guangdan's gauging Mao Tse-tung's speech at a state council meeting and released the article for publication. The KMT propaganda in HK promptly made a big deal out of Fei Xiaotong's second article. On June 22nd, 1957, the "People's Daily" made an editorial entitled "An Extraordinary Spring Season". Mao's speech as to the "double hundred policy" at the 27 Feb 1957 state council meeting referred above would be made into cassette tapes to be played at the expanded "National propaganda Work Meeting" that writer and translator Fu Lei listened in on March 6th. Fu Lei, as a Shanghai representative, rode on train to Peking together with Chen Wangdao [principal of Fudan U & translator of communist manifesto], Zhou Xinfang [Peking opera actor], Xu Zhucheng [editor-in-chief of "Wen Hui Bao Newspaper"], Lin Fang ["Xin Min Wan Bao Newspaper"], Zhou Xuliang [translator] and Yao Wenyuan [later ultraleftist hatchetman during cultural revolution]. Fu Lei wrote to his son [who was studying in Poland] how excited he was to have seen Mao at the discussion panel on the 12th, and furthermore, complimented tyrant Mao as some eloquent politician with "charisma and magic". Fu Lei, who was renowned for leaving behind the correspondence letters to his son, was to commit suicide in the coming political persecution movements. (This webmaster was in tears whenever recalling this. The telepathy came from the hundreds of letters that this webmaster's father wrote, something reflecting deeply on the love of a father, as seen in the case of Fu Lei's correspondence.) Turmoil of the European Communists The "Extraordinary Spring", in Ye Yonglie's words, had to do with Nikita Khrushchov's Feb 24th, 1956 secret report during the Soviet 20th Congress, which was an exposure of Stalin's purge horrors [later divulged to the CIA by the Polish communists]. Khrushchov [Krushchev] disclosed that 98 out of 139 commissars of the Soviet 17th Congress were purged by Stalin and that 3 out of 5 marshals, all military district commanders, both Navy and airforce commanders, and all but one fleet commanders had been executed by Stalin. Soon, there ensued the Polish rebellion in Putnam on June 28th, 1956. Hungary followed suit with a revolution on Oct 20th, 1956. 200000 Russian soldiers invaded Budapest on Nov 4th, 1956. This same secret report was purportedly brought back to China by communist leader Zhu De in the spring of 1956 and apparently as a courtesy to the Soviet 'big brother' authority, was internally broadcast to key communist institutions, including the New China News Agency where Dai Huang, a person who joined the communist party in 1944, was. In China, Mao Tse-tung, who had dispatched Zhu De's delegation to Nikita Khrushchov's meeting, would first applaud Nikita Khrushchov and blast Stalin. Soon, Mao Tse-tung realized that he was exactly "Stalin the Second", something that would for sure backfire on himself should he follow through with Khrushchov's ideological line. Mao Tse-tung proposed the "30-70" division for Stalin. (Deng Xiaoping, similarly, proposed the "30-70" division for Mao Tse-tung.) On April 25th, 1956, Mao Tse-tung affirmed Stalin's 70% feats at an expanded CCP politburo meeting. Earlier, on April 5th, Mao Tse-tung authorized the "People's Daily" newspaper in printing the Chinese communist assessment of 30-70 division as to Joseph Stalin. On Nov 15th, 1956, Mao Tse-tung commented on the incidents in Poland and Hungary at the CCP 2nd Plenary of the 8th Session, claiming the reactionaries in Poland or Hungary or elsewhere were not a big deal; Beria was not a big deal; and Gao Gang [i.e. Mao's political enemy routed in the early 50s] was not a big deal. Mao Tse-tung further equated the new Polish leader to the deposed political enemy Rao Shushi and called the names of numerous Eastern European Bloc communist leaders. For the first time, Mao Tse-tung put forward the notion of "Big Democracy vs Small Democracy" for eliminating the Polish-Hungarian kind of turmoil. Mao criticized "Big Democracy' as the parliamentary politics of the West, freedom of assembly and freedom of press. As a conclusion, Mao Tse-tung proposed "Small Democracy" and claimed that it was nothing other than his most favourite "rectification movement". Li Shenzhi's Big Democracy vs Small Democracy After I put down the sentence that the "Anti-Rightists Movement" of 1957 had finished off China's half century worth of elites and conscience, I re-read Li Shenzhi's "Fifty Years Of Winds, Rains & Yellow Skies", only to find that it was Li Shenzhi who had already imprinted me with a same claim. (By the way, Li Shenzhi's usage of the yellow skies derived from Mao Tse-tung's poem in regards to the PLA crossing the Yangtze River in 1949, while Mao Tse-tung had adopted the same term as that of the Yellow Turbans of the late Western Han Dynasty.) 
Li Shenzhi reflected on his naivety during the "Anti-Rightists Movement", claiming that he did not have the chance to personally experience the 1942-1945 Rectification Movement.
Throughout the anti-rightist movement, Li Shenzhi, as a communist "theorist", was not well-known as the real "democratic vase party" members. When Mao Tse-tung was talking about "Big Democracy vs Small Democracy", people did not know that it was Li Shenzhi who had provided input and terminology. Li Shenzhi, a communist follower since the 1940s, pointed out that rightists were reactionaries in the eyes of Mao and the communists, but termed so to show a lighter tone in comparison with the real reactionaries. Mao Tse-tung's "Small-Scale Democracy" Trickery Under The Sun - "Yang (sun) Mou (trickery)" "Zhao Ziyang" claimed that Mao Tse-tung had arrogantly put forward his "Trickery Under The Sun" theory as a way to counter the 'scheme' [i.e., trickery under the moon] charges by democratic party members. Further, Zhao Ziyang mentioned that Deng Xiaoping, while inspecting Guangdong Province, had secretive instructions about "throwing out the long fish rod with bait for catching bigger fish". Li Kangnian's Proposal For Total Buyout Of Bourgeoisie Assets In 20 Years Huang Shaohong, Zhang Xiruo, Zhang Bojun, Luo Longji, Chu Anping & Zhang Naiqi Chu Anping, editor-in-chief of the Guangming (Shining Path) Daily, was named the arch-rightist by Mao Tse-tung for criticizing the communist rule under the "party's heaven". Later in September of 1966, Chu Anping left a note and disappeared forever. Mao Tse-tung's Induction Mao Tse-tung Routing "Democratic Vase Parties" Deng Tuo Changing Tone of "People's Daily" Heh Xiangni's Herald Attack & Lu Yuwen's Claim Of "Anonymous Threat Letters" Mao Tse-tung's Employing Workers For Attacks At Intellectuals & Bourgeoisie Capitulation Of "Wen Hui Bao" Newspaper Zhang Bojun & Luo Longji Clique - Dogs Biting Dogs 
Written by Ah Xiang Attached would be an article written by Liu Xiaobo in regards to the Anti-Rightists Movement of 1957. Liu had been apparently becoming more and more strong-toned in his dissertations. One example would be his harsh criticisms of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in regards to 'parliamentary politics'. However, Liu's analysis of the human nature among the academics and distinguished and renowned intelligentsia during the Anti-Rightists Movement of 1957 could be said to be the best one I had ever read.
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Republican China in Blog Format 
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
